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Relevant bibliographies by topics / TV spot
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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022
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Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'TV spot.'
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Journal articles on the topic "TV spot"
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Hubert, Michael. "TV-Spot visualisiert ein Tabuthema." MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 156, no.1 (January 2014): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15006-014-0054-1.
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Bellman, Steven, Jamie Murphy, Shruthi Vale Arismendez, and Duane Varan. "How TV sponsorship can help television spot advertising." European Journal of Marketing 53, no.1 (January7, 2019): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-10-2017-0651.
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Purpose This paper aims to test TV sponsorship bumper effects, for the same brand, on 30-s TV spot advertising. Design/methodology/approach An experimental study tests sponsorship bumpers and 30-s TV spot ads for eight brands, four familiar and four unfamiliar, using realistic stimuli and a sample representative of the US population. Findings Sponsorship boosts ad effectiveness and is measured by ad awareness and ad liking. Both effects were stronger for unfamiliar brands. Research limitations/implications The results show that combining sponsorship with spot advertising has an additive effect. The study design did not allow tests for potential synergy (multiplicative) effects. Practical implications Advertisers can use the results to evaluate investing in sponsorship and advertising packages, which can help unfamiliar brands achieve familiar brand awareness. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to compare the effectiveness of sponsorship-boosted ads with sponsorship bumpers alone and with TV spot ads.
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Wilcox,GaryB., Roxanne Hovland, and Dwight Fletcher. "Consumer Response to a TV Liquor Spot." Journalism Quarterly 65, no.1 (March 1988): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769908806500130.
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Wise,J. "TV show House helped doctors spot cobalt poisoning." BMJ 348, feb06 9 (February6, 2014): g1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1424.
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Valić Nedeljković, Dubravka. "POLITIČKI TV SPOT PREDSEDNIČKE KAMPANJE U SRBIJI 2017." Годишњак Филозофског факултета у Новом Саду 42, no.2 (January15, 2018): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/gff.2017.2.135-151.
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Cilj ovog rada je da se dekonstruišu političke poruke propagandnih televizijskih političkih spotova u vreme predsedničke predizborne kampanje u Srbiji 2017. Korpus je obuhvatio 64 televizjska promotivna politička predizborna spota 11 kandidata za predsednika Srbije. Korišćena je kvalitativna i kritička analiza medijskog diskursa i deskriptivna metoda. Predsеdnička kampana 2017., kada je u pitanju predizborni politički televizijski spot, bila je kreativna, raznovrsne i bogate produkcije. Istovremeno, prema rezultatima izbora, odvijajući se samo na Internetu, nije doprla do birača. Kandidati koji su se promovisali najkreativnijim, i po sadržaju i po formi, spotovima sa veoma jаsnim porukama suštinski su dobili najmanje glasova jer su njihova realna politička moć i uticaj mali.
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Revell, Timothy. "AI binges on TV crime shows to spot whodunnit." New Scientist 236, no.3151 (November 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(17)32193-0.
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Setyobudi, Ciptono, and Sjailendra Sjailendra. "PELUANG PAY TV MENGGESER DOMINASI FREE TO AIR TV DI PERKOTAAN." WACANA, Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komunikasi 16, no.1 (June12, 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.32509/wacana.v16i1.8.
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Perkembangan perkotaan yang pesat dengan pembangunan fisik berupa gedung bertingkat baik berupa hotel, perkantoran maupun apartemen akhir-akhir ini berakibat juga terhadap perambatan gelombang radio diudara bebas .Media televisi terestrial tidak berbayar ( free to air ) yang menggunakangelombang radio jalur Ultra High Frequency (UHF), pada frekuensi sekitar 600 MHz dengan Sistem Penyiaran (Broadcasting) analog yaitu Phase Alternating Line (PAL), akan terasa dampaknya akibat gedung pencakar langit tadi, karena perambatan gelombang yang cenderung mendatar diatas permukaan bumi (Ground Wave). Secara otomatis di daerah-daerah perkotaan yang dikelilingi gedung bertingkat sulit mendapatkan tayangan secara langsung (direct broadcast) dari transmisi terrestrial free to airatau secara teknis dikenal dengan blank spot area.Kondisi tersebut memberikan kesempatan untuk televisi berbayar (Pay TV ) untuk memenangkan persaingan dalam menggaet penonton dengan melakukan penetrasi penjualan layanan pada daerah tersebut , baik untuk Pay TV berbasis satelit , cable maupun digital terrestrial.
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Olson,ErikL., and Hans Mathias Thjømøe. "The relative performance of TV sponsorship versus television spot advertising." European Journal of Marketing 46, no.11/12 (November9, 2012): 1726–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561211260068.
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Yan, Ming, Xin Gang Wang, and Jun Feng Li. "3D Video Transmission System for China Mobile Multimedia Broadcasting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (February 2014): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.469.
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With the popularization of three dimensional (3D) video on TV, some related aspects, such as broadcast television network transmission, technology application, and content products and so on, will face the challenges of the new technology. Rapid progress has been achieved in the China Mobile Multimedia Broadcasting (CMMB) technology, 3D TV technology applied in the mobile TV will become the bright spot in the future. This paper firstly introduces the transmission modes of 3D TV, and then gives the technology solution of 3D TV and the upgrade solution of electronic service guide Electronic Service Guide (ESG) based on CMMB. Test result shows that the new system with 3D video can work correctly when the 3D video was encoded with H.264 standard and the image resolution was conformed to the standard definition (320x240).
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Pabst, Inga. "Ausweitung der Werbezone." kma - Klinik Management aktuell 14, no.06 (June 2009): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1575193.
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Ob Zeitungsanzeige, Bandenwerbung, TV-Spot oder Internet: Die gesetzlichen Krankenkassen zeigen Präsenz. Sie geben deutlich mehr Geld für Werbung aus als noch vor ein paar Jahren. Das Bundesversicherungsamt muss manche Kasse bei den Marketingausgaben bremsen.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TV spot"
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Stieberová, Šárka. "Etické prvky v reklamě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135411.
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The diploma paper is concerned with the occurrence of ethic issues in advertising. The aim of the paper is to find out whether morality or immorality of the adverting is perceived. After all, the advertising has become a part of our lives. It appeals to our senses and influences human behaviour. Thus, the advertising needs to be monitored. It may seem that the advertising is a category on its own. There are no restrictions applied in the advertising. Every advertising agency has an opportunity to create any kind of advertising. However, this is not true. Some efforts are made through the Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting and the Council for Advertising. Moreover, the Code of Advertising Practice was created and it should ensure the morality of the advertising in the Czech Republic. The morality, nevertheless, cannot be guaranteed so easily. Ethics is a broad term which can have different meanings for anyone.
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Huguenin, Régis. "Des images de l'entreprise à l'image d'entreprise. L'univers visuel de Suchard (1945-1990)." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BELF0009.
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L’existence et la mise à disposition d’un important matériau documentaire composé d’archives visuelles(affiches, photographies, films) ont révélé les potentialités d’une recherche approfondie et systématique sur lesmodalités de création d’images par l’entreprise de chocolats Suchard de 1945 à 1990, date qui correspond à lafermeture des ateliers de fabrication de Neuchâtel. Cette recherche est l’occasion de développer dessoubassements méthodologiques à même de participer au renouvellement de l’histoire d’entreprise par lerecours à des sources permettant d’en saisir l’univers visuel. La création des images se réalise au travers d’unecollaboration entre des acteurs internes et externes à l’entreprise. La seconde moitié du XXe siècle correspondà une professionnalisation de la fabrique d’images au cours de laquelle les différents supports s’accumulent,mais aussi s’articulent, se complètent ou parfois se concurrencent, au sein de la pratique de l’entreprise. Lesphotographies se font le reflet d’événements, positifs ou négatifs, qui agissent directement sur la fabrication.Elles apparaissent comme un outil de relations publiques, notamment au travers de la médiatisation des visitesd’usine. Les films institutionnels se veulent le reflet d’une évolution plus structurelle de l’entreprise, sensiblesà sa raison sociale, à sa diversification, à son implantation. Au niveau des collaborateurs, l’image permetd’accroître la reconnaissance envers des corps de métiers qui ne sont en contact avec les autres queponctuellement. Quant aux machines, elles peuvent constituer autant un facteur favorable que défavorable àl’image de l’entreprise. Les facteurs incitant l’entreprise à représenter la machine permettent de définir lescontours du concept de modernité. Jusqu’au milieu des années 1970, l’image productive, incarnée par uneorganisation systématique des ateliers et des machines, prend un sens positif. Dans la seconde moitié desannées 1970, en période de récession économique, la machine permet une réduction des coûts de fabricationpar une diminution de la masse salariale. Sur le plan de l’image du produit, l’étude montre qu’il faut sedébarrasser de l’association unique du chocolat suisse avec la montagne. Cette construction est largement lereflet d’un regard de l’étranger et ne constitue pas une constante en Suisse. Depuis le début des années 1950 etpendant plus d’une vingtaine d’années, le chocolat Milka n’est pas associé à l’image du lait et de la montagne,mais bien à un environnement urbain. Ce refus de « suissitude » pendant les Trente Glorieuses s’évanouit dansles années 1970 en partie sous l’impulsion de l’étranger. Suchard renoue alors avec les symboles alpestresfondamentaux
The existence and availability of an important documentary material composed of visual archives (posters,photographs, films) have revealed the potentialities of a thorough and systematic research on how thechocolates company Suchard, based in Neuchâtel (Switzerland), created images from 1945 to 1990, date of theclosure of the manufacturing facilities. This research is the cause of developing methodological foundationsable to participate in the renewal of business history by the use of visual sources. The creation of images wasmade by actors both within and outside the company. The second half of the twentieth century correspond to aprofessionalization of the “picture factory” in which different media pile up, articulate, complete or compete.Photographs reflect positive or negative events directly linked with the production state. They appear as apublic relations tool, particularly through the factory visits. Films are intended to reflect an institutionalevolution of the company, sensitive to its name, its diversification, its implementation. Regarding to theproduction image, staff pictures enhance the recognition for the employees that are only occasionally incontact with others. The machines are as much a favourable as an unfavourable factor for the enterprise’simage. Factors inciting the company to represent the machine make it possible to define the concept ofindustrial modernity. Until the mid-1970s, productive image, embodied by a systematic organization ofworkshops and machines, takes a positive sense. In the second half of the 1970s, in times of economicrecession, the machine reduces manufacturing costs by reducing payrolls. In terms of the product image, thestudy shows it takes to get rid of the unique association of Swiss chocolate with the mountains. Thisconstruction is largely a reflection of a view from abroad and is not a constant in Switzerland. Since the early1950s and for over twenty years, Milka chocolate was not associated with the image of milk and mountains,but with an urban environment. This refusal of “Swissness” during the post-war boom faded in the 1970s,partly under the impetus from abroad. Suchard then revived with the basic alpine symbols
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Mazurkiewicz, Dirk [Verfasser]. "TV-Marketing im Sport - Instrumente und Randbedingungen: Faktoren des TV-Erfolgs von Sportverbänden / Dirk Mazurkiewicz." Köln : Zentralbibliothek der Deutschen Sporthochschule, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1071865064/34.
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Hulth, Anna-Karin, and Erik Melakari. "IBR camera system for live TV sport productions." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97939.
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The mix of regular sport production and new digital techniques can give the audience a more spectacular viewing experience. Nowadays, for example, commercial banners can be virtually added onto the arenas, and statistical information, such as shot speed in soccer games, lengths in athletics and yards in American football, can be calculated and visualized during the events. A dream scenario for many sport producers would be to have a virtual camera system that can give a free viewpoint of the events delivered in real-time. A virtual camera system can render a new viewpoint of the scenery using only existing image material as input. This kind of system would be able to produce more spectacular images and give the audience a clearer view of the events taking place. The purpose with this thesis work is to investigate whether Image Based Rendering techniques can be used to produce such a system and what the difficulties and the restrictions from the broadcasting techniques are. Based on a theoretical background and interviews with Swedish sport producers a software system for the virtual camera was designed. This system was then evaluated based on three tests performed. At the moment the system is unable to fulfil all of the requests set up by the producers. An important part of the work has therefore been to make suggestions on further improvements that can increase the system performance.
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Ucha, Martim das Neves Costa. "Auditoria à marca : canal de entretenimento Sport TV." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21131.
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Mestrado em Marketing
O presente estudo teve como objetivo fazer uma Auditoria à Marca Sport TV, um canal de entretenimento desportivo. A Sport TV é um canal premium que se destaca nos media desportivos nacionais pela estratégia de proximidade ao cliente, pela oferta de conteúdos relevantes para o seu target e pela adoção de ferramentas tecnológicas que mudaram a forma como o cliente acede e desfruta dos conteúdos disponibilizados pela marca. Com o aparecimento de novos concorrentes, torna-se relevante uma análise em profundidade a esta marca.Para a concretização deste projeto foi seguida a abordagem proposta por Keller (2013) para auditar marcas e que envolve dois passos: (1) Brand Inventory e (2) Brand Exploratory. Caracteriza-se por analisar a marca e os consumidores, no sentido de identificar fontes brand equity respeitando o Modelo de Capital da Marca Centrado no Cliente. O Modelo pretende avaliar (1) os elementos da marca; (2) o desenvolvimento de programas de marketing e (3) a alavancagem da marca através de associações secundárias que reforçam a notoriedade e imagem da marca. Este projeto teve em consideração tanto a abordagem ao nível da empresa, como dos consumidores. Com o intuito de conhecer o universo destes últimos foi elaborado um inquérito por questionário dirigido a clientes e não-clientes da Sport TV. Para finalizar, foi entrevistado o CEO da Sport TV Nuno Ferreira Pires com o objetivo de apresentar a visão e a estratégia da empresa o que permitiu completar a análise deste projeto.
The purpose of this study is to perform a Brand Audit to Sport TV, a sports channel. Sport TV is a premium channel that stands out in national sports media due to its customer proximity strategy, for offering relevant content to its target customers and for the implementation of technological tools that have changed the way the customer accesses and enjoys the content provided by the brand. With the arrival of new competitors to this space, an in-depth analysis of this brand becomes relevant.The approach used for this study was the one proposed by Keller (2013) for Brand Audit, which entails: (1) Brand Inventory and (2) Brand Exploratory. It is characterized by studying both brand and consumers, in order to identify sources of brand equity respecting the Customer-Based Brand Equity Model. The Model aims to assess (1) brand elements; (2) the development of marketing programs and (3) brand leverage through secondary associations that reinforce brand awareness and image. This project considered both the approach at a firm level as well as at a consumer level. In the interest of understanding the universe of the latter, a survey was conducted aimed at Sport TV clients and non-clients. Finally, an interview to the Sport TV CEO Nuno Ferreira Pires was conducted with the purpose of introducing the vision and strategy of the company, allowing the completion of this project.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Åkesson, Jimmy, and Hansson Albin Falk. "Med kommersialismen som konkurrent : En redogörande studie av den svenska TV-rättighetsmarknaden gällande live-idrott, med fokus på public service uppdrag." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för Kultur, samhälle, mediegestaltning – KSM, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-128792.
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2014 var året då de Olympiska Spelen för första gången någonsin inte sändes i en public service-kanal. När Viasat ochMTG (Modern Times Group) köpte rättigheterna till ett av världens största idrottsevenemang lyftes diskussionen om TV-rättigheter även hos gemene man. När priset för rättigheter stiger tvingas SVT att fundera över hur mycket exempelvis ett OS egentligen är värt. Hur och om går det att motivera att en publikt finansierad aktör lägger stora summor på en idrottsrättighet som kanske inte tilltalar den breda massan de finns till för att behaga. Klarar SVT av att upprätthålla det kravet om fler rättigheter försvinner från kanalen och public service? Hur påverkas SVT av aktörer så som Viasats möjlighet att spendera stora pengar på idrottsrättigheter? Vad blir konsekvenserna för SVT när de med all säkerhet inte kommer äga sändningsrättigheterna för de kommande fyra olympiska spelen?
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Ferm, Alexander, and Galle Simon. "Testing e-sport athletes : A study on competitive gaming." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-3332.
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Aim The main purpose of this study was to compose and test the validity of a cognitive test battery to determine e-sport athletes’ strengths and weaknesses. The second purpose was to investigate their physical fitness. Hypothesis 1: The elite players will perform better in a number of cognitive and fine motor tasks compared to recreational gamers. Hypothesis 2: The elite players’ aerobic capacity cannot be very low (<2,5 VO2 L/min for 20-29 year olds) according to Andersson since that would affect their e-sport performance negatively. Hypothesis 3: A great number of the elite players will not be able to match the demands (>198 seconds) for a healthy back in the Biering-Sørensen test. Method 25 male test subjects were divided into three groups, elite players (E) [10], recreational players (R) [10] and non-players (N) [5]. The elite group consisted of two professional e-sport teams á five persons, one Counter Strike: Global Offensive-team (CS) and one League of Legends-team (LOL), ranging between 17 and 25 years of age (mean age 21,5). R ranged between 21 and 29 years of age (mean 24,9) had all played fighting games, MOBA, online-FPS, online-3PS or RTS games minimum once a week in a 6 month period or more but never competed in them. N ranged between 25 and 32 (mean 28, 4) years of age and had at a maximum tried these kinds of games but never used them for recreational purposes. E, R and N performed a test battery for reaction speed, strategy, perception, situation awareness, keyboard stamina, hand-eye coordination, spatial orientation and anticipatory skill. E was also tested for physical fitness through Ekblom-Bak submaximal cycle ergometer test and back strength with Biering-Sørensens (BS) test. Results E estimated VO2max was 3,83 L/min (SD = 0,38) and E’s mean result from BS back test was 133 s (SD = 54). The elite players did not perform significantly better in any of the cognitive or fine motor task than the recreational players. Conclusion The elite player’s results from the BS test confirms hypothesis 3 and indicates unhealthy backs. The only significant difference within the cognitive tests between E and R is to the E groups disadvantage; surprisingly they showed inferior results in the anticipatory skill test. Their aerobic capacity confirms hypothesis 2, the elite players VO2max was not very low, placing the E group in the upper half of the average in their age group. Furthermore, the test battery cannot be used for talent scouting but could possibly be used to determine cognitive weaknesses.
Syfte Huvudsyftet med denna studie var att sammansätta och testa validiteten i ett kognitivt testbatteri för att bestämma e-sportatleters styrkor och svagheter. Det andra syftet var att undersöka deras fysiska status. Hypotes1: Elitspelarna kommer att prestera bättre i en rad kognitiva och finmotoriska uppgifter jämfört med rekreationsspelare. Hypotes 2: Elitspelarnas aeroba kapacitet kan inte vara mycket låg (<2,5 VO2 L/min för 20-29åringar) eftersom det skulle påverka deras e–sportprestation negativt. Hypotes 3: Ett stort antal av elitspelarna kommer inte att kunna matcha kraven för en frisk rygg (>193 sekunder) i Biering-Sørensentestet. Metod 25 män delades in i tre grupper, elitspelare (E) [10], rekreationsspelare (R) [10] och icke-spelare (N) [5]. Elitgruppen bestod av två professionella e-sportslag á fem personer och ett Counter Strike: Global Offensivelag (CS) och ett League of Legends-lag (LOL), ålder mellan 17 och 25 år (medelålder 21,5 ). R-gruppen varierade mellan 21 och 29 år (medelvärde 24,9 ) hade alla spelat fightingspel, MOBA, online-FPS, online-3PS eller RTS-spel minst en gång i veckan under en 6 månaders period eller mer men aldrig tävlat i dem. Grupp N varierade mellan 25 och 32 år (medel 28,4) och hade som högst provat dessa typer av spel, men aldrig använt dem i rekreationssyfte. Grupp E, R och N utförde ett testbatteri för reaktionshastighet, strategi, perception, situationsmedvetenhet , tangentbord uthållighet, öga-handkoordination, spatial förmåga och antecipatorisk skicklighet. Grupp E också testades fysiskt genom Ekblom-Bak submaximala cycle ergometertest och ryggstyrka genom Biering-Sørensens (BS) test. Resultat Grupp E:s beräknade VO2max var 3,83 l/min (SD = 0,38) och elitgruppens medelresultat av BS ryggtest var 133 s (SD=54). E presterade inte signifikant bättre i någon av de kognitiva eller finmotoriska uppgifterna än R. Slutsats Elitspelarnas resultat från BS-testet bekräftar hypotes 3 och påvisar ohälsosamma ryggar. Den enda signifikanta skillnaden inom de kognitiva testerna mellan E och R är till E-gruppens nackdel, överraskande visade de sämre resultat i det antecipatoriska skicklighetstestet . Deras aeroba kapacitet bekräftar hypotes 2, elitspelarnas VO2max var inte mycket låg, E-gruppen placerade sig i den övre hälften av genomsnittet för sin åldersgrupp. Testbatteriet kan inte användas för talangscouting men eventuellt för att upptäcka kognitiva svagheter.
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Ringfjord, Britt-Marie. ""Fotboll är livet" : en medieetnografisk studie om fotbollstjejer och TV-sport." Licentiate thesis, Lund University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-27008.
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Media represent a powerful institution in society reflecting dominant values in society and take part in socialization to gender roles for men and women. The gender discourses in society as well as in mass media are interrelated to a complex system of many parts in people’s every day lives (the family, the school, the peer group, boyfriends etc.). The study’s main focus is on how discourses in society and Sport Media offers different gender positions that young female football players use as tools when they as active subjects make meaning of their identities in a gender discourse of sport. In Sweden football is a well-represented sports in media as well as among a Swedish population of nearly 9 millions. The Swedish Football Association is the largest among the sports federations with more than 3.200 associated clubs consisting of more than 1 million active members where 20 % are females (The Swedish Sports Confederation www.rf.se). In media the most common sports is football and Television Channels with nationwide coverage produce more male sport than gendered mixed or female sport in all. Male and gendered mixed sport top the list of sports occurring on Television, as despite football, consists of ice hockey on second place, athletics on third, motor sports and skiing on fourth and fifth place. Popular female sports, that is sports dominated by women in Swedish sports federations, as gymnastics, equestrian and swimming, we find horse jumping on ninth place and swimming on eleventh but not gymnastics though it’s the second popular sports activity after football for females. Despite this when Germany and Sweden meet in Women’s World Cup Final in USA 2003 broadcasted by Swedish Channel 4, the match was followed by 3,5 million Swedish viewers. In the combined the annual audience rating 2003 on Television viewers in Sweden, this football match came second only beaten by The Swedish Trial Contest for Eurovision Song Contest. Other sports events positions on this annual list are far behind other popular TV-programs in Sweden as Donald Duck and Friends, a popular Disney production always sent on Christmas Eve and Swedish quizzes with popular program leaders (www.rf.se, www.svenskfotboll.se, www.mms.se). It has been said that Female Football reached a break trough 2003 in Sweden as a public popular sports event, and in 2004 spectators visiting But if this hints to better opportunities for more female football in the national media coverage, the male dominance still continues in media representations of sport. Even though female sport reporters and female sports appears in media more often than before, this suggests that Sport Media foremost is an interest only for a male viewer, but many women like sport on Television too. The question is what happens when teenaged girls (and boys) view mediated sport produced for male middle-aged adult audience groups? How does cultural meaning of generation, gender and social differences structure everyday life for a collective group as a female football team in how they construct and position them selves within a gendered discourse? This brief summary reflects sports and media habits in the Swedish society and shows us the cultural importance of physical activities and media entertainment in our day-to-day lives. How the sport is represented through media reflect in certain ways our own picture of the concept sport, as well as sports is comprehended and valued on a cultural level. From a feminist perspective on the institutionalised power relations between media and culture the central question is how gender discourses negotiate meaning in society for men and women. The theoretical framework for feminist audience research The main theoretical perspectives used here are Stuart Halls reception model of the process of encoding and decoding media texts as meaningful TV-discourses, where viewers in terms of meaning structures approach the media. This model has developed by feminist media studies as power structures of gender discourses in production, content and reception (van Zoonen 1994:41f, Thornham 2000: 99). I will use this model to analyse female positions as gender discourses in a football team. The second perspective is a hermeneutic inspired approach supported by John B Thompson’s appropriation concept. The reception model suggests that even if media texts are framed in certain ways were a dominant power structure of gender representations are embedded; they are decoded by the audiences’ meaning structures in a social context with specific cultural and historical variations. The main point is that communication practices have to be understood in a wider context of social and cultural determinations, as context is both related to family matters and wider social relations. Instead of ideological power structures Hall emphasize the process of hegemony were three possible positions in the decoding process are offered to the viewers: a dominant /hegemonic, a negotiated and an oppositional position (Hall et al 1972/1992, van Zoonen 1994). By relate dominant structures to social processes in culture we can find different explanations. In one sense the media content offers a dominant/hegemonic female collective gender identity supported by the common western ideal for femininity, but in another sense the female gender identity expressed in this football culture by the female football players shows how the interpretation of media content adjust in a socio-historical context. Young females in a football club can negotiate or reject the offered media messages and construct other possible gender positions in their own socio-historical context. Appropriation is a concept that directs our attention to contextualise the process of reception as a cultural phenomenon, where macro structures of ideological power in society are interrelated with people’s ordinary lives and sense-making processes in their micro social world. This concept also helps us to direct our attention on combining the contexts of production, content and reception in order to analyse culture as meaning making processes. To appropriate is a cultural process were individuals use their available resources to make sense of media messages and adjust them to their social-historical context. Media products are an important part in how we create communication and shape our identities in modern society. The media stimulate to action and utterance as an active part in the formation of social reality. By following the content of sport in media, individuals actually can use that as information to guide their thoughts and actions in their own social context. The appropriations of symbolic forms in a social context are shared with other important individuals in every day communication (Thompson 1995:11f, 174f). In modern society collective identities are complex and culturally constructed in various ways. Media, as part of popular culture, have a particularly important role in the construction and mediation of different expressions and styles of identities. In one sense mass media serves us with a multiplicity of possible identities, free for any individual to pick up and adjust for individual needs in a social context outside the media content. In another sense we must also relate this to some of the important power structures in the organization of media production and content of Sport Media in order to show how mediated symbolic forms adjust in a cultural context by active meaning making subjects. (These structures are often referred to as the Media-Sport-Complex where the analyses of global power relations are connected to perspectives on political economy and culture. See Miller at al.2001, Roche 2000, Boyle & Haynes 2000). In relation to this study the football-playing girls have opportunities to choose what ever sport they like on a theoretical level, but on a social level they adjust to the cultural context they live in, where football for men and women are considered as two separate spheres, supported by the Sport Media content. The Sport Media’s gender representations divides sports in a female and male sphere according to gendered stereotyped structures in society, where team sports as football or ice hockey are dominated by men, and individual sports as gymnastic or figure skating are dominated by women. These stereotypes are structured within ideological representations of gendered positions for masculinity and femininity that are bound to social-historical context that changes over time. The framed structure in media texts function as ideologies but at the same time hegemony according to Hall rather suggests possibilities for opposition and social change since the production of cultural meaning always is open to contestation from below (Hall 1972/1992: 136ff). The positions suggested here are considered as gendered ideal types not existing in reality. Rather they show how complex constructions of gender identities are and how the girls in this study reflect and move between discourses and different gender positions. The dominant/hegemonic ideal for femininity concerns appearance and beauty accepted as normal standards for females, and are reproduced in many social spheres of which mass media is one of the main messengers. The negotiated position acknowledges and adjusts the offered dominant feminine ideal to own experiences and social situation. The oppositional position recognizes the dominant feminine ideal but due to other experiences or social situation this position rejects and question the proposed ideal with skepticism (Thornham 2000: 100). But if media discourses reflect dominant values in society there is another standard to consider for the constructions of gender in sports. The commonly hegemonic gender ideals are reflecting dominant gender values that in part passes over to sport, where masculine and feminine ideals for physical body appearance distinguish between gender and between sports. So the polarization between genders in sports suggests at least 2 possible hegemonic positions for us to consider. The dominant/hegemonic female position for football is compared to male football, and both ideals starts from a heterosexual white western middle class ideal on masculinity and femininity. Even if the mediated sport historically is built on masculine hegemony were men compete over the hierarchical positions and space of action, this not only exclude women but also men from the sporting field. The dominant position in the hegemonic power structures then only supports some men, not all men (Boyle & Haynes 2000, Connell 1995). Considering sports like ballet, gymnastic or aerobics dominated by women, the men in these sports are likely in a subordinated hierarchical position within a feminine hegemony. They are as men also certainly subordinated in a masculine hegemony, compared to other male sports. We must also consider the risk of using the concepts of masculinity and femininity as this split up gender in two homogenous spheres, when gender in reality consists of more complex and heterogeneous characteristics both for us as individuals and as on a collective level for different groups of people. In everyday life other demographic factors as social classes, education, professional roles or sexual preferences also can unite people as they share common interests. So as gender is social and cultural constructed I consider masculinity and femininity as qualities possessed by both men and women, but divided into gender-preferred stereotypes by socialization for each sex within a given ideological power structure embedded in different discourses in culture (van Zoonen 1994: 34, Butler 1990: 144ff). How to study football culture During a 6-month period I had conducted my study with an ethnographic approach in a female football club in a team with seventeen players aged 15 years, in a Community situated in the southern parts of Sweden. My focus is on how teenaged girls make meaning in their day-today lives by using media content in a specific cultural context. I colleted my data by observing, talking and interviewing mainly these girls, but also the team’s coaches and the girls parents while attending on the teams training and matches. The media ethnographic approach combines different methods by using participant observations, conversations and interviews. These methods originally derived from anthropological inquiry, are often termed interpretative procedures, the theoretical tradition known as interactionism represented in the works of Erving Goffman and Herbert Blumer. This perspective suggests that the social world is not objective but involves subjective meanings and experiences that are socially constructed in relations by participants in social contexts. Essentially focus lays on how different people experience, interpret and structure their lives. As a researcher using a media ethnographic method you take active part in the culture and tries to understand and take the cultural group’s perspective on media in order to describe peoples acts, expressions and thoughts (Bell et al. 1995, Gillespie 1995:54f, van Zoonen 1994: 131ff). The participant observations had the main purpose for me to get into the culture and understand football from the girls’ point of view, and to give the girls a chance to get used to me, and make it possible for them to ask questions about me and my study. All though some media use occurred on occasions, I have not observed them watching TV or in front of a computer, in stead I had asked and interviewed the girls about their media preferences. Like other feminists I treat their responses as texts which should be read “symptomatically” as discourses related to available ideologies and images in the specific culture in order to analyse my informants constructions of female identity (Thornham 2000:108f). For ethical reasons I was very clear about my role as a researcher, since I believe you must be as honest as possible in a study were people are involved, especially young people, and to win their trust I must treat them with respect. My informants knew what the research was about and were prepared for questions from me. Permission from the club and parents were granted before the study started and the girls as well as the club are presented with other names to secure their anonymity and integrity in the published study. Sport active girls environment and media habits These girls live in a provincial capitol of medium size, with 76 700 inhabitants in the municipality with 174 sports associations consisting of some successful sports on national or international levels. Despite football clubs in several series, there are for instance a premiership hockey team, a successful tennis club and an athletics club. In 2004 three clubs in this district had football teams for girls and women but only The Football Club Lyrans FF exclusively concentrate on female football. In this cultural context these teenaged football- players live. Their parents all work in middle or lower middle classes professions and lives in middle class areas. The girls either come to trainings together in pairs on bicycles or are driven by cars by their parents. Most of the parents take active part in the team’s matches as enthusiastic spectators. Even if a girl is hindered to participate in training or matches by some illness they always are present as by watchers, not out of duty but for social reasons. Three of the girls have their fathers as coaches in this team, but some younger teams have female coaches and some of the girls in the team I followed acted as coaches on summer school for girls aged 7-10. Of the seventeen girls in the team only two are immigrants from different parts of the Mediterranean. The cultural construction of gender identities by female sport active females All these girls live, as many other teenagers in western societies, in a dense media environment with access to different kind of media genres. In the discourse of dominant sports and gender ideals the football playing girls own experienced self-identity as female football player clashes with the unbalanced content on football in Sport Media, as they meet conflicting demands on femininity within the football culture as well as from surrounding society. The football culture encourages one type of femininity that perhaps is a little tuff and physical at least when it comes to matches. But as female football players they don’t recognise their own experiences in broadcasted football matches from male premier league matches as female football is played in a different way. A negative perspective on gender position available for young football-playing girls then seems to be restricted by the clear affluence in favour for male football represented by media. There is also a strong allusion to separate male and female football, where the latter part has to adapt to the hierarchical structures in the ideology of football. In society sports organizations and Sport Media mediates value systems of norms and regulations supplied by the football club and the team’s coaches from a dominant power position of discursive practices and power. At the same time the girls own processes of meaning making are at work, were experiences and media use both negotiate or stand in opposition to sport ideologies and gender ideals. Other TV-genres like reality soaps discussed here, encourage young women to take good care of their appearance by diets, dressing codes and make up, to fit into the hegemonic ideals for femininity. All media representations support the cultural conventions existing on gender differences by differentiate their audience as either feminine or masculine subjects by offering separate gender closed spheres with different hegemonic positions in sports and as well as in other media content for men and women (Hirdman 2002). For young teenaged girls this might seem difficult to find a self-confident gender identity by them selves because of the manifest demands in modern society implies this as a personal duty for us to fix. A positive perspective however suggests the possibilities for these girls use of different media genres as means to reflect over their gender identities in a supportive culture where female football is accepted as something different from male football. As gender qualities not are fixed to certain sexes female football-players also must deserve the acknowledgement of playing the game in a different way. Perhaps these girls own appropriations by positions in gender structured discourses shows the way for how female football in the future have the possibilities to earn acceptance in society and media as a sport performance for its own sake and not as a treat to a protected masculinity in decline. A brief conclusion then shows the representation of team sports in Sport Media still are built on an ideological understanding of football as a typical masculine field of action, where female football always has a subordinate position. The cultural demands on women (and men) are to adjust to a society where football for men and women are considered as two separate spheres, concealed and supported by the global sport media content.
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Ringfjord, Britt-Marie. ""Det skulle vara mer om tjejer i TV-sporten" : - om TV-sporten ur ett kvinnoperspektiv." Thesis, Växjö universitet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-17228.
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När man som TV-tittare ser på sportprogram, kan man lätt förledas att tro att ”alla människor” tycker sport är viktigt, men så är det naturligtvis inte. Man kan dock anta att framställningar av medierad TV-sporten som fenomen, finns i de flesta människors föreställningsvärld. Utgångspunkten för den här uppsatsen är att placera in TV-sport i ett större sammanhang, där TV-sport kan ingå som en del av det som människor tar del av och som i viss mån inverkar på hur individer formar och skapar sin identitet. Den här uppsatsen handlar om hur kön (re-) presenteras genom TV-sport och hur detta kan ingå i vad som konstruerar en könsidentitet för en yngre generation av den kvinnliga TV-publiken. Uppsatsen bygger på en intervjustudie med en grupp tjejer på en skola i en sydsvensk småstad, som genomfördes i november 1999. För att belysa detta område har jag valt att utgå från tre huvudteman- urbäddning, återinbäddning och könsidentitet i syfte att försöka synliggöra och förstå vilken betydelse och mening TV-sport kan ha för unga idrottsaktiva kvinnor. Genom att använda begrepp från bl a Giddens och Thompson tittar jag på hur urbäddning och återinbäddning av TV-sport ser ut för en ung kvinnlig publik. Jag kommer fram till att tjejerna använder idrott och TV-sport när de själva konstruerar sin könsidentitet, som delvis bygger på de manliga värderingarna som återfinns både i samhället och medierna. De unga kvinnorna använder en manlig värderingsnorm, när de bedömer både sina egna och andras sportprestationer, samtidigt som de är kritiska till hur TV återger kvinnligt idrottande. När det gäller den egna könsidentiteten sker en viss förskjutning av det manliga värderingssystemet om hur de själva uppfattar sig själva som idrottande kvinnor. I spänningsfältet mellan den kollektiva och den individuella könsidentiteten skapas ett dubbelt förhållningssätt, som dessa tjejer växlar mellan när de diskuterar idrott och identitet. Idrotten är en viktig del av den livsstil och smak som utvecklas och skiljer ut de här tjejerna från andra ungdomar, i deras vardag. Gruppen positionerar sig som del i en idrottsaktiv kultur. Den TV-sport och idrott som cirkulerar inom den här samtalskulturen utgör ett riktmärke för grupp- och könsidentitet, som t ex att veta vilka som leder serien eller vann senaste matchen. Vidare visar studien att kunskaper om TV-sport används för att få kontakt och samtala med killar. TV-sporten möjliggör därmed en könsöverskridande kommunikationsprocess. Jag kommer också fram till att förebilder från TV-n och den egna idrottskulturen har betydelse för hur dessa tjejer själva idrottar och att de införlivar TV-sport och använder den i sin egen idrottsutövning. Hur skapandet av könsidentiteter och dess konstruktioner blir till är endast en spegelbild av samhället genom TV-sporten. Medierna verkar i samhället och identiteter skapas av en rad olika faktorer, varav TV-sport endast utgör en av dessa faktorer. Jag valde att begränsa mig till hur kön presenteras genom TV-sport och hur detta kan påverka och ingå i vad som konstruerar en könsidentitet för en yngre generation, och det är mot denna bakgrund den analytiska slutsatsen bör förstås: Slutsats skapandet av en könsidentitet sker i samverkan med en rad olika faktorer där TV-sport endast utgör en del av vad som formar könsidentiteten. TV-sportens framställningsform ingår somen del av det som unga kvinnor tar del av och använder när de själva formar sin egen identitet, som får mening och betydelse för dem i den kultur de verkar och ingår i.
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Snöbohm, Cecilia, and Jessica Frödin. "Referenters historiska relation med radio- och TV-sport : En kvalitativ undersökning kring hur radio-sportreferentens erfarenheter och kompetens är förenliga med kraven som ställs för arbetet som TV-sportreferent." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för Kultur, samhälle, mediegestaltning – KSM, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121538.
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Att vi ser minst en sportreferent vid varje match eller i andra idrottssammanhang är idag en självklarhet. Det finns kända och mindre kända referenter. Men hur har de mest etablerade referenterna tagit sin plats och blivit dem som vi så kallat känner till? För vissa räcker det att höra rösten och man vet direkt vem det är, andra har börjat synas mer och mer under sändningarna. Till en början handlade det mest om att rösten var talande. För det var ju faktiskt i radio som allting började. Men när TV började sända sport så började den också ta över radiosportens lilla era. Det här är en studie hur sportreferenter etablerat sig ända sedan AB radiotjänst för första gången 1925 började ge ut sändningar som innehöll idrottsarrangemang till dagens TV-sportreferenter. Läsaren kommer att få en inblick hur det är att jobba som referent samt vilka krav som ställs. Men framförallt finns det en historisk berättelse hur TV-sporten tagit över radiosporten allt mer och mer. De slutsatser vi kunde dra var att det finns nästan ingen som är anställd utan utbildning när det kommer till att arbeta som sportjournalist i radio eller TV. Då bland annat både SVT och Sveriges Radio har som krav att även praktikanter måste vara under en journalistisk utbildning. Du kan inte längre säga vad du tycker och vill som sportjournalist, framförallt inte i TV. I radio är det inte lika noga. De första sändningarna handlade mer om att tala om för tittaren hur allting såg ut, idag är det annorlunda och man skapar känslor för publiken för att hålla dem underhållna.
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Books on the topic "TV spot"
1
Blackshaw, Ian, Steve Cornelius, and Robert Siekmann, eds. TV Rights and Sport. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5.
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Abo, Tetsuo. A report of on-the-spot observations of Sony's four major color TV plants in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and Japan: Their similarities and differences. Tokyo: University of Tokyo, Institute of Social Science, 1987.
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Abo, Tetsuo. A report of on-the-spot-observations of Sony's four major color TV plants in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and Japan: Their similarities and differences. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Institute of Social Science, 1987.
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Fascination og forretning i dansk tv-sport. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2013.
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Viktoria, Radler, and Bermoser Katharina, eds. Wahrnehmung und Wirkung von TV-Spots: Eine Blickregistrierungsstudie. Wien: Facultas.WUV, 2010.
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Pino, Frisoli, ed. Sport in TV: Storia e storie dalle origini a oggi. Roma: Rai Eri, 2010.
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Scholz, Rolf. Konvergenz im TV-Sport: Eine komparative Studie des "Dualen Fernsehsystems". Berlin: Vistas, 1993.
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Colli, Laura Delli. L'indice dei famosi: Vent'anni di celebrità : i nuovi miti della TV, del cinema e dello sport. Milano: F. Angeli, 2007.
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Colli, Laura Delli. L'indice dei famosi: Vent'anni di celebrità : i nuovi miti della TV, del cinema e dello sport. Milano: F. Angeli, 2007.
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Limited, Adhealth. Tobacco and the BBC: A review of how BBC TV promotes cigarettes through tobacco-sponsored sport. London: Health Education Authority, 1992.
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Book chapters on the topic "TV spot"
1
Lassek, Karl-Reiner, and Peter Herzog. "TV-Spots." In ALLES was Sie schon immer über WERBUNG wissen wollten, 107–21. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-92991-4_13.
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Hamernik, Pavel. "Slovakia." In TV Rights and Sport, 481–85. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5_30.
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Eshed, Joseph. "Israel." In TV Rights and Sport, 389–97. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5_22.
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Ferrari, Luca. "Italy." In TV Rights and Sport, 399–418. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5_23.
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Ohara, Yoshimi. "Japan." In TV Rights and Sport, 419–26. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5_24.
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Schaus, Jean-Luc. "Luxembourg." In TV Rights and Sport, 427–30. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5_25.
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Aleksandrovski, Igor. "Macedonia." In TV Rights and Sport, 431–38. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5_26.
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Foks, Jacek. "Poland." In TV Rights and Sport, 439–49. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5_27.
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Cardigos, Pedro, Ricardo Henriques, and Gonçalo Pimentel. "Portugal." In TV Rights and Sport, 451–59. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5_28.
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Igorevich Rogachev, Denis. "Russia." In TV Rights and Sport, 461–80. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-487-5_29.
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Conference papers on the topic "TV spot"
1
Cai,G., L.Chen, and Junchang Li. "Billboard advertising detection in sport TV." In Seventh International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2003. Proceedings. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isspa.2003.1224759.
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Mate, Sujeet, IgorD.D.Curcio, Ranjeeth Shetty, and Francesco Cricri. "Mobile Devices and Professional Equipment Synergies for Sport Summary Production." In TVX '17: ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3084289.3089922.
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Inurrategi, Maider Laka, Igor Garcia Olaizola, Alejandro Ugarte, and Ivan Macia. "TV Sport Broadcasts: Real Time Virtual Representation in 3D Terrain Models." In 2008 3DTV Conference: The True Vision - Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video (3DTV-CON). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3dtv.2008.4547894.
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Alahmadi, Mohammad Ali. "Direct Measurement of TV Viewing Time and Physical Activity in Children - A Pilot Study." In International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005611401450149.
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Fuangrod, Todsaporn, and Amnach Khawne. "A Quick Scene Search with Constructed Mapped Charts for TV Sport Programs." In APCCAS 2006 - 2006 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apccas.2006.342544.
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Felix,LucasG.S., CarlosM.Barbosa, ViníciusdaF.Vieira, and Carolina Ribeiro Xavier. "A Social Network Analysis of Football with Complex Networks." In XXV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2019.8134.
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Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and due its popularity, soccer moves billions of euros over the years, in most diverse forms, such as marketing, merchandising, TV quotas and players transfers. As example, in the 2016/2017 season, only England has moved about 1.3 billion of euros only in players transfers. In this work, it is performed a study of the transfer market of player. To do so, players transfer data were gathered from the website Transfermarkt and were modeled as a graph. In order to perform this study, different Complex Networks techniques were applied, such as Overlap Community Detection and Property Analysis. Through our results we could evaluate the soccer players market, and see a pattern that every market has at least one farm country, which has a main function of selling athletes, or a buyer country, which most of its transactions is buying players.
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Fallani, Fabrizio De Vico, Fabio Babiloni, Febo Cincotti, Donatella Mattia, Andrea Tocci, Luigi Bianchi, Serenella Salinari, et al. "Neural Basis For Cortical-Network Responses To TV Spots: a High Resolution EEG study." In 2007 Joint Meeting of the 6th International Symposium on Noninvasive Functional Source Imaging of the Brain and Heart and the International Conference on Functional Biomedical Imaging. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nfsi-icfbi.2007.4387743.
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